Return of the currency wars
Maybe it never went away at all. But if the war was dormant, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff certainly launched what appeared to be an opening salvo for a new round of battles – rhetorical ones for now.
Rousseff reached for some cataclysmic language to describe the recent appreciation of the real, which Brazil worries will crimp exports and hurt the domestic economy. The culprit, according to Rousseff, is an irresponsible “monetary tsunami” resulting from the ultra-loose monetary policies of rich nations like the United States.
Alonso Soto and Tiago Pariz offer some background in this Reuters article out of Brasilia:
Brazil has just taken fresh steps to defend itself in what it calls a “global currency war,” extending a tax on foreign loans to slow down a flood of capital that is strengthening its currency.
Analysts said the move was unlikely to have a major impact and the real <BRBY> actually strengthened in midday trade. Brazil’s central bank has also recently increased interventions in the currency market, buying dollars and selling reverse currency swaps to halt the real’s gains.
The real, considered one of the world’s most overvalued currencies, has gained more than 8 percent so far in 2012, making it harder for Brazilian industry to compete at home and abroad. The strong real is a top concern for President Dilma Rousseff, who is taking measures to protect local industries as she strives to ensure economic growth above 4 percent this year.
from Global Investing:
EM growth is passport out of West’s mess but has a price, says “Mr BRIC”
Anyone worried about Greece and the potential impact of the euro debt crisis on the world economy should have a chat with Jim O'Neill. O'Neill, the head of Goldman Sachs Asset Management ten years ago coined the BRIC acronym to describe the four biggest emerging economies and perhaps understandably, he is not too perturbed by the outcome of the Greek crisis. Speaking at a recent conference, the man who is often called Mr BRIC, pointed out that China's economy is growing by $1 trillion a year and that means it is adding the equivalent of a Greece every 4 months. And what if the market turns its guns on Italy, a far larger economy than Greece? Italy's economy was surpassed in size last year by Brazil, another of the BRICs, O'Neill counters, adding:
"How Italy plays out will be important but people should not exaggerate its global importance. In the next 12 months the four BRICs will create the equivalent of another Italy."
Emerging economies are cooling now after years of turbo-charged growth. But according to O'Neill, even then they are growing enough to allow the global economy to expand at 4-4.5 percent, a faster clip than much of the past 30 years. Trade data for last year will soon show that Germany for the first time exported more goods to the four BRICs than to neighbouring France, he said.
"Post-crisis, these countries will be our passport out of this mess."
But there has to be a payoff for this kind of increased financial clout, he warns. Developing countries are increasingly disgruntled about the the richer world's strangehold on global policies via the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and most have responded coolly to the call for additional funds for the IMF which is fighting to stem the euro zone malaise. An attempt last year to install a representative of the developing world at the helm of the IMF for the first time ever fell apart, with Europe retaining the position. But emerging countries could make a bid for the World Bank chief's position this year, a position traditionally held by a U.S. citizen. O'Neill said the West had to bow to the new reality:
"You can't have it both ways...This game of 'You have the IMF and I have the World Bank' has to stop or these institutions are going to lose their relevance."
He is also dismissive of fears China is headed for a so-called hard landing, a sharp slowdown of growth, potentially leading to unemployment, a property crash and social unrest in the world's No. 2 economy. "A lot of people (in the West) want China to have a hard landing, " he said. "And that's because it isnt us."
Growth not enough to ease inequality: Oxfam
Rising income inequality in rich nations has cast doubt on the old adage, often upheld by the economics profession, that a rising tide lifts all boats. A new report from Oxfam reinforces the notion that wealth does not trickle down of its own accord. The anti-poverty advocacy group says sometimes actively redistributive policies may be needed to address huge income gaps. It also says that, contrary to conventional economic thinking, such policies will directly contribute to better growth rather than impede it.
Inequality, often viewed as an inevitable result of economic progress, in fact acts as a brake on growth. Among the best ways to assure inclusive, sustainable growth and fight poverty, finds the study, are policies that reduce inequality. […]
Inequality erodes the social fabric, and severely limits individuals’opportunities to escape poverty. Where income inequality is high or growing, the evidence is clear that economic growth has significantly less impact on poverty: a trickle-down approach does not work.
The report notes that the United States is the most unequal of the world’s wealthy nations – but that’s old news. More interesting is the finding that even strong rates of growth will not be enough to lift more people out of poverty over the next decade, particularly in the less wealthy G20 nations. The report found that inequality increased in 14 of 18 G20 countries since 1990 despite rapid rates of growth in some countries. Oxfam recommends the following:
The exact policy mix should be tailored to each national context, but policies in successful developing countries suggest the following starting points:
- Redistributive transfers
- Investment in universal access to health and education
- Progressive taxation
- Removal of the barriers to equal rights and opportunities for women
- Reforming land ownership, ensuring the right access to land and other resources, and investing in small-scale food producers
What kinds of redistribution would this involve? Oxfam turns to the United Nations’ Economic Council for Latin America and the Caribbean for answers:
ECLAC suggests that cash transfer programs in Latin America typically have three objectives:
- To alleviate poverty through direct income transfers
- To provide incentives for investment in human capacity-building
- To bring the target population into the social protection and promotion networks
Politically impossible? Perhaps. But Oxfam says some countries have already taken some steps successfully, with impressive results.
from Global Investing:
Retail volte face confirms India as BRIC that disappoints
Jim O'Neill, the Goldman Sachs banker who coined the term BRICs to capture the fast-growing emerging-markets quartet of Brazil, Russia, India and China, has fingered India as the BRIC that has disappointed the most over the past decade in terms of reforms, FDI and productivity. New Delhi's latest decision to put on hold a landmark reform of its retail sector will only confirm this view.
The government's backtracking on plans to allow foreign investment in supermarkets will not surprise those accustomed to New Delhi's record on key economic reforms. But it means India's weak performance on FDI receipts will continue and that's bad news for the worsening balance of payments deficit. Speaking of the retail volte face, O'Neill said: "They shouldn’t raise people's hopes of FDI and then in a week, say, 'we’re only joking'".
Various Indian lobby groups that oppose the reforms contend that foreign giants such as Wal-Mart and Tesco will kill off the livelihoods of millions of small traders.
Not so, according to a study by the Vale Columbia Centre for Sustainable Economic Development, a think-tank that studies FDI trends. The Centre's Nandita Dasgupta notes that many emerging economies that have allowed 100-percent foreign participation in retail since the early 1990s have seen encouraging results. These include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Russia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In China, FDI in retail was permitted 20 years ago. But there is no evidence the huge investments have hurt mom-and-pop operations or domestic retail chains, Dasgupta says. In fact, since 2004 the number of small Chinese outlets has increased to around 2.5 million from 1.9 million. Between 1992 and 2001, employment in retail and wholesale almost doubled to 54 million.
In Indonesia, where FDI to retail was liberalised 10 years ago, 90 percent of the business remains with small traders, Dasgupta points out.
At present, insufficient cold storage, poor transportation and distribution infrastructure allows half of India's fresh produce to rot. An organised retail sector can create a proper farm-to-fork infrastructure through direct purchase from farmers. India's 700 million poor are the ones bearing the brunt of double-digit food price inflation -- the status quo is the worst option for them.
from Global Investing:
If China catches a cold…
China has defied predictions of a hard economic landing for some time now so it is somewhat unsettling to see investors positioning for a sharp slowdown in the world's second-largest economy.
Over the last 10 years, the world has become accustomed to Chinese annual GDP growth of above 9 percent. A seemingly insatiable demand for commodities from soya beans to iron ore has catapulted the Asian giant to near the top of the global trade table. China is the biggest trading partner for countries on nearly every continent, from Angola to Australia.
But many are now fretting that an unhappy coincidence between stuttering global demand and domestic strains in the property and banking sectors could knock Chinese growth to below 7 percent (the level commonly identified as a 'hard landing'), with grave implications for the rest of the world.
"It used to be the case that if the US sneezes, the rest of the world catches a cold. But with the US already confined to the emergency room since 2008 thequestion is what happens if China catches a cold," says Citi in a recent report.
Many are now preparing for the first sneeze.
Commodity exporters are expected to bear the brunt of a sharp Chinese slowdown. Investors have pared back exposure to Brazil, Russia, Chile and South Africa, citing fears over China.
On the flipside, Turkey, Mexico, Israel and India have been identified as less vulnerable.
from Global Investing:
Emerging consumers’ pain to spell gains for stocks in staples
Food and electricity bills are high. The cost of filling up at the petrol station isn't coming down much either. The U.S. economy is in trouble and suddenly the job isn't as secure as it seemed. Maybe that designer handbag and new car aren't such good ideas after all.
That's the kind of decision millions of middle class consumers in developing countries are facing these days. That's bad news for purveyors of everything from jeans to iphones who have enjoyed double-digit profits thanks to booming sales in emerging markets.
Brazil is the best example of how emerging market consumers are tightening their belts. Thanks to their spending splurge earlier this decade, Brazilian consumers on average see a quarter of their income disappear these days on debt repayments. People's credit card bills can carry interest rates of up to 45 percent. The central bank is so worried about the growth outlook it stunned markets with a cut in interest rates this week even though inflation is running well above target
All that bodes ill for shares in companies selling so-called consumer discretionaries in developing countries -- non-essential items such as autos and high-end cosmetics.
But someone's loss is someone's gain. Shares in companies selling consumer staples --food, beverages, prescription meds and tobacco -- are starting to pick up. In short, everything that outperforms during economic downturns. MSCI's index of emerging market staples is flat on the year, doing only slighly better than consumer discretionaries. But guess what? In August, when everything was selling off staples did ok. They fell 2.4 percent, much better than MSCI's discretionaries index which lost 8 percent.
Bank of America/Merrill Lynch's monthly survey shows fund managers went overweight consumer staples in August for the first time this year. Back in January when investors were optimistic about the U.S. economic outlook, almost 60 percent of fund managers were underweight staples. They still like discretionaries but cut that position pretty sharply last month.
What of Brazil? Carlos de Leon, a fund manager at RCM still sees opportunities there, especially as minimum wages will rise by an above-inflation 12 percent next year. But unsurprisingly, his picks are consumer staples and defensives including toll road operators, fuel distributors and utilities.
The thin line between love and hate
The opinion on Turkey’s unorthodox monetary policy mix is turning as rapidly as global growth forecasts are being revised down.
Earlier this month, its central bank was the object of much finger-wagging after it defied market fears over an overheating economy by cutting its policy rate. It defended the move, arguing that weaker global demand posed a greater risk than inflationary pressures.
Investors were not persuaded. When I told one analyst about the Turkish rate move, he practically sputtered down the phone: “You’re not kidding?!”
The lira sold off, dropping to 2-1/2 year lows against the dollar.
But the central bank could yet be vindicated. With fears intensifying over weakening global demand, its decision to cut rates looks increasingly prescient. As my colleague Sujata Rao has pointed out, other emerging-market central banks have followed the Turks.
Witness Societe Generale’s head of emerging markets strategy Benoit Anne‘s mea cupla in a note issued just two weeks after Turkey’s controversial rate decision:
“I guess I need to apologize to the Central Bank of Turkey which on many occasions had been the object of my sarcasm over the past few months: the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey is actually at the forefront of policy-making in the emerging-markets universe. And I bet some other central banks will follow suit with rate cuts in the pipeline.”
India’s central bank battles alone in inflation struggle
What more does India’s central bank have to do? Last week data showed March inflation rising to almost 9 percent on an annual basis. More importantly, core inflation is above 7 percent for the first time in 3 years meaning demand-side pressures are rising fast. And that’s despite the Reserve Bank of India raising interest rates eight times since last March.
The inflation data comes just after a quarterly HSBC report based on purchasing managers indexes showed that inflation in India seemed impervious to monetary policy tightening.
The truth, is the inflation-fighting central bank has little backup from the government which remains stubbornly in spending mode. Its foot-dragging on reform and foreign investment contributes towards keeping food price inflation high. This year’s fiscal deficit target is 4.8 percent of GDP and even this is seen as optimistic.
“What India really needs is to have domestic demand slowing down quite rapidly but the government is not prepared to risk that,”says Claire Dissaux, investment strategist at Millenium Global in London.
The RBI has repeatedly said it shouldn’t have to do all the heavy lifting. But lack of support from the government means the central bank will have to put up rates another 100 bps this year, analysts reckon.
Of course India is not alone in this bind though it is the most extreme example of lax fiscal policy being counterbalanced by tight monetary policy. Brazilian interest rates are among the highest in the developing world at 11.75 percent and that is down to loose fiscal policy, a lot of it “quasi-fiscal spending” via the state development bank BNDES, research house Capital Economics says.
Brazil’s central bank suggested recently that fiscal tightening of one percent of GDP would have the same impact as 125 bps of interest rate hikes.
Brazil joins fellow-BRIC China in world’s Top 5
Distracted by the upheaval in the Middle East and $120 per barrel oil, few noted Brazil’s ascent last week to the ranks of the world’s top five economies. Strange given that the move comes just months after China displaced Japan as the second-biggest economy in the world.
Goldman Sachs Asset Management head Jim O’Neill points out that Brazil — part of the BRIC group of big emerging economies – grew 7.5 percent in 2010. By the end of last year the economy was valued around $2.2 trillion. That’s next only to the United States, China, Japan and Germany. And bigger than France and Britain.
O’Neill, who coined the BRICs concept in 2001, says the achievement has come earlier than he had expected. But then Goldman analysts had expected China to overtake Japan only in 2015.
Brazil is unlikely to continue growing at last year’s annual rate of 7.5 percent which was a 24-year high. O’Neill expects trend growth closer to the 5 percent level. But BRIC juggernaut looks unstoppable – Goldman’s latest forecast is for the BRICs’ combined economies to match the G7 rich states in the next decade and overtake the United States by 2018.
In current U.S. dollar terms, combined BRIC GDP at the end of 2010 was just over $11 trillion, more than double the nominal GDP assumed back in 2003,China’s economy is two times larger than it was in 2003 and Brazil’s is three times bigger than 2003 levels.
“Brazil is now the fifth-largest economy. Two down, two to go,” O Neill said, referring to India and Russia which are yet to join the top five.
from Davos Notebook:
Will Goldman’s new BRICwork stand up?
Jim O'Neill, the Goldman Sachs economist who coined the term BRICs back in 2001, is adding four new countries to the elite club of emerging market economies. But does his new edifice have the same solid foundations?
In future, the BRIC economies of Brazil, Russia, China and India will be merged with those of Mexico, Indonesia, Turkey and South Korea under the banner “growth markets,” O'Neill told the Financial Times.
Hmmm. Doesn't quite grab you like BRICs, does it? The Guardian helpfully offers an amended branding banner of "Bric 'n Mitsk" (geddit?). But which ever way you cut it, it's hard to see a flood of investment conferences and funds floating off under the new moniker.
Ten years ago, Goldman had this field to itself. Now more and more acronyms are being bandied around by banks seeking to pique investors' appetite for higher returns.
Goldman has already launched the N-11, or Next Eleven countries, and other contenders include the VISTA economies (Vietnam, Indonesia, South Africa, Turkey and Argentina), the CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa) and the EAGLES (Emerging and Growth-Leading Economies).
So far, none of them have really caught on. One thing you can bank on: the term BRIC will still score highly in any tally of the millions of words that will issue forth from Davos next week.
